Navigation

Chapter 1: Rise of a Massive Health Sector
- 1.1 Growth in Health Spending, 1929 to Present
- 1.2 Growth in Inflation-Adjusted Health Output per Capita over 80 Years
- 1.3 Ever-Growing Health Share of Economy
- 1.4 US Spends the Most on Health among Countries
- 1.5 Health Spending Outgrew Economy
- 1.6 Health Spending Rose in All Advanced Countries
- 1.7 Big and Increasing Gap in Health Spending between US and Rest of the World
Chapter 2: How Is Each Health Dollar Spent?
- 2.1 Most Health Spending Is for Personal Services
- 2.2 Personal Health Spending Doubled Every 25 Years
- 2.3 Insurer Administrative Costs Decline in Group Size
- 2.4 Trends for Components of Health Spending, 1929 to 2009
- 2.5 Chronic Diseases Account for Big and Increasing Share of Health Spending
- 2.6 Half or More of Personal Health Spending Is Avoidable
Chapter 3: Who Pays for Health Services?
- 3.1 Role of Public Sector in US Health Financing Has Increased
- 3.2 Private Health Insurance Pays Less Than Public
- 3.3 Health Insurance Financed Growth in Health Spending
- 3.4 Federal Tax Subsidies for Health Exceed Federal Spending on Medicaid
- 3.5 Out-of-Pocket Share of Health Spending Declined
- 3.6 US Has among the Lowest Out-of-Pocket Share of Health Spending
- 3.7 The Elderly & the Disabled Account for Disproportionately Large Share of Medicaid Spending
- 3.8 Medicare Pays for Less than Half of Health Spending by Beneficiaries
- 3.9 The Uninsured Received Much Subsidized Care
Chapter 4: The Employer Rold in U.S. Health Care
- 4.1: Health-Related Employer Contributions Accounted for a Growing Share of Worker Compensation
- 4.2: High-Paid Workers Receive Larger Tax Subsidy for Employer-Provided Health Insurance
- 4.3 Small Firms Least Likely Offer Health Coverage to Employee
- 4.4 A Secular Decline In Employer-Based Health Coverage
Chapter 5: Government Health Expenditures, Taxes, and Deficits
- 5.1 Government Expenditures for Health, 1929-2009
- 5.1 Bonus Material: Contribution of Health to Growth in Government Spending
- 5.2 Health Component Grew the Fastest in Government Spending
- 5.3 US Health Share of Government Spending among G7 Counties
- 5.4 Public Sector Pays 80% Health Costs for People of Poor Health
- 5.5 Taxpayers Finance Almost Half of Health Spending for the Highest-Income Families
- 5.6 Medicare Beneficiaries Receive More Than They Pay
- 5.7 Medicaid Share of State Health Spending across States
Chapter 6: Health Services and the Family Budget
- 6.1 Health Care Is 2nd Largest Personal Consumption Component
- 6.2 Direct Family Health Care Spending Accounted for Only 5% Income
- 6.3 Health Care Payment Burden Grew Faster among Highest-Income Families
- 6.4 Elderly and Children Rely More Heavily on Tax-Financed Health Coverage
- 6.5 Young Adults Incur High Risk of Being Uninsured
- 6.6 American's Risk of Being Uninsured, 1940-2010
- 6.7 Majority of Health Costs for Uninsured People Are Subsidized
- 6.8 Elderly-Headed Households Spent Big and Increasing Share on Health
- 6.9 Non-Health Spending Per Person in Elderly Households Is Higher
Chapter 7: Who Produces Health Services?
- 7.1 Non-Profit Organizations or Public Owned Enterprises Provided Larger Share of Health Output
- 7.2 Government-Owned Firms Account for Low Share of Activity
- 7.3 Health Industry Has Produced Large and Growing Amount of Output
- 7.4 Health Services Output, 1929-2009
Chapter 8: Health Services and the Distribution of National Income
- 8.1 Share of Health-Related Supplement in National Income, 1948-2008
- 8.2 Wages and Salaries Account for Big and Growing Share of Income in Health Services
- 8.3 Share of Health-Related Income Accounted for by Proprietors' and Rental Has Fallen Steeply
- 8.4 Corporate Profits Have Reached Peak Share of Health Services Income
- 8.5 Pre-Tax Corp Profits in Health Sector Are the Least among Major Sectors in Private Businesses
- 8.6 Among Fortune 500, Health Services Companies Have Lower Profits
- 8.7 Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Are among Highest-Profit Industries
Chapter 9: Productivity in the Health Sector
- 9.1 Recent Increase in Health Services Productivity
- 9.2 Health Productivity Has Grown Less among Private Businesses
- 9.3 Health Sector Has Better-Educated Workers among Industries
- 9.4 Information Capital Stock in Health Services, 1987-2007
- 9.5 R&D Has Contributed to Increase in Health Sector Productivity
- 9.6 Increase in Health Spending Explained 80% of Decline in Personal Savings
- 9.7 Increase in Total Input Has Outpaced Output in Many Parts of Health Sector
Chapter 10: The Labor Force and Employment in the Health Sector
- 10.1 Employment Has Increased Faster in Health Services than in the Rest of Economy
- 10.2 US Share of Health Sector in Employment Is High among Industrialized Countries
- 10.3 The Opportunity Cost of Health Sector Employment in US and Other G7 Counties
- 10.4 Share of Female Employees in Health Sector
- 10.5 Health Service Employees Work for Less Hours than Employees in General
- 10.6 Increased Longevity and Shorter Working Life Have Lengthened the Period of Retirement for Males
Chapter 11: Personal Incomes and Health Care
- 11.1 Rising Health Costs Hindered Growth in American Workers' Earnings
- 11.2 Employee Compensation in Health Services Is Slightly Higher than All Workers Average
- 11.3 Employee Compensation in Ambulatory Health Sector Grew Slowly
- 11.4 US Health Professionals Are Paid Higher than Other Industrialized Countries
- 11.5 Rise in US Rates of Return for Medical Education
Chapter 12: Distribution of Health Services
- 12.1 1% of Population Accounts for 25% of Health Spending
- 12.2 The Lowest-Income Families Have 2.5 Times Burden of Paying for Health Care Than That of the Highest-Income Families
- 12.3 Burden of Paying for Health Care Has Increased
- 12.4 Per Capita Health Spending Increases with Age
- 12.5 Difference between Men and Women's Health Costs Depends on Age
- 12.6 Regional Differences in Health Spending per Capita Have Narrowed then Widened
- 12.7 Regional Differences in Health Spending Burden Have Narrowed then Increased
Chapter 13: Poverty and Health
- 13.1 Millions Are Categorized as Poor because Medical Expenditures Are Not Taken into Account
- 13.2 Government Insurance Covers Half of the Poor
- 13.3 Lower-Income People Have Worse Health
- 13.4 Poor Children Are Much Less Likely to Have Private Health Coverage than General Population
- 13.5 Medicaid Covers Less than 1/3 of Poor Non-Elderly Adults
Chapter 14: The Structure of the Health Sector
- 14.1 Less than Half of US Health Workers Are Employed by Large Firms
- 14.2 Concentration in Health Insurance Industry
- 14.3 US Health Sector Is Highly Regulated
- 14.4 Unionization Rates in the Health Industry
Chapter 15: Health, Wealth, and Debt
- 15.1 Health Spending per Capita Has Grown Twice as Fast as per Capita Net Worth
- 15.2 Low-Income US Family May Incur Health Spending that Exceeds Their Net Worth
- 15.3 "Medical" Bankruptcies Account for 25-35% of US Bankruptcies
Chapter 16: Economic Fluctuations and Health
- 16.1 Aggregate Health Spending Growth and Business Cycle Fluctuations
- 16.2 Medicaid Spending Tends to Be More Countercyclincal among Components of NHE
- 16.3 Unemployment Rates for Male Workers in the Health Sector Are Lower than the Rest of the Economy
Chapter 17: Health Services and Quality of Life
- 17.1 Average American's Stock of Health Is Several Multiples of Lifetime Earnings
- 17.2 How Price of Treatments Changes over Time Depends on How Innovations Are Measured
- 17.3 Technology Has Been An Important Driver of Health Spending
- 17.4 Whether Social Burden of Illness Has Increased or Decreased Depends on How It was Measured
Chapter 18: U.S. Health Care in a Global Economy
- 18.1 US Leads the World in Medical Innovation
- 18.2 US Accounts for More than Half of World Pharmaceutical R&D Spending
- 18.3 US Accounts for a Relatively Small Share of Pharmaceutical Exports
Chapter 19: Do Americans Get Good Value for Money in Health Care?
- 19.1 US Health Spending Appears to Provide Good Value for the Money
- 19.2 Geographic Differences in Broad Health Outcomes Are Associated with Health Spending
- 19.3 Medicare Spending & Spending Growth Vary Substantially across Geographical Areas
- 19.4 US Health Spending per Capita Is Not Far from Expected
- 19.5 Increased US Health Spending Cannot Be Explained by Health Services Use
- 19.6 US Relies Heavily on Specialists in Contrast to Primary Care Doctors
- 19.7 Americans Pay Higher Prices for Brand-Name Drugs among Major Industrialized Countries
- 19.8 Medical Malpractice Explains Some Difference in Health Spending between US and Competitors
- 19.9 US Leads the World in Life Expectancy
- 19.10 US Ranks 3rd in the World in Saving Premature Infants' Lives
- 19.11 US Cancer Patients Have Better Chances of Survival among Industrialized Nations
- 19.12 US Has More Avoidable Deaths Amenable to Health Care among Industrialized Nations
- 19.13 Most "Avoidable" Deaths Are Related to Lifestyle or Behavior
- 19.14 US Has World's Highest Obesity Rate but a Low Smoking Rate among Industrialized Nations
- 19.15 The Challenge of Comparing US States
Chapter 20: Are Health Spending Trends Sustainable?
- 20.1 Projected Growth in Health-Related Benefits
- 20.2 Technology Has Been a Key Driver of Health Spending Growth
- 20.3 How Much Faster per Capita Health Spending Has Increased Relative to GDP Growth
- 20.4 Projected Real GDP per Capita Will Decline within 30 Years Due to Growth in Health Spending
- 20.5 90% of Annual GDP Growth Would Be Devoted to Health Care by 2085 if 1% Excess Cost Growth Persisted
- 20.6 Long-Term Unfunded Liabilities Associated with Health Entitlements Exceed $66 Trillion
- 20.7 Projected 75-Yr Increase in Mandatory Federal Health Spending Exceeds the Largest Source of Tax Revenue
- 20.8 US Will Face Challenge of an Increasing Number of Dependents per Working Adult
- 20.9 Projected Increase in US Government-Related Health Spending and Its Effect

Lenses

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags?

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

This content is ...

Affiliated with (What does "Affiliated with" mean?)

This content is either by members of the organizations listed or about topics related to the organizations listed. Click each link to see a list of all content affiliated with the organization.

AEI
This collection is included in aLens by: American Enterprise Institute
Click the "AEI" link to see all content affiliated with them.

Related material

Other collections using this module

Chapter 14: The Structure of the Health Sector

Recently Viewed: This feature requires Javascript to be enabled.

Print this page

Download

Download collection as:

PDF
EPUB (what's this?)

What is an EPUB file?

EPUB is an electronic book format that can be read on a variety of mobile devices.

Downloading to a reading device

For detailed instructions on how to download this content's EPUB to your specific device, click the "(what's this?)" link.
More downloads ...

Download module as:

PDF
EPUB (what's this?)

What is an EPUB file?

EPUB is an electronic book format that can be read on a variety of mobile devices.

Downloading to a reading device

For detailed instructions on how to download this content's EPUB to your specific device, click the "(what's this?)" link.
More downloads ...

Reuse / Edit

Collection:

Reuse or edit Login Required

Module:

Reuse or edit Login Required

(How do I reuse or edit?)

Check out and edit

If you have permission to edit this content, using the "Reuse / Edit" action will allow you to check the content out into your Personal Workspace or a shared Workgroup and then make your edits.

Derive a copy

If you don't have permission to edit the content, you can still use "Reuse / Edit" to adapt the content by creating a derived copy of it and then editing and publishing the copy.

Add to a lens

Add collection to:

A lens I own Login Required

Add module to:

A lens I own Login Required

(What is a lens?)

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags?

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

Add to Favorites

Add collection to:

My Favorites Login Required

Add module to:

My Favorites Login Required

(What is My Favorites?)

'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need an account to use 'My Favorites'.

Inside Collection (Book): American Health Economy Illustrated

Book by: Christopher Conover. E-mail the author

14.4 Unionization Rates in the Health Industry

Module by: Christopher Conover. E-mail the author

Summary: Unionization rates in the health industry are comparable to the economy-wide rate. The unionization rate within some health occupations is much higher.

The percentage of health industry workers who are union members appears to be the same as the national rate of unionization among all workers. At the industry level, the available data combine health services workers with other social assistance workers. Because the latter group constitutes only 15 percent of the combined total, it is unlikely that the numbers shown in figure 14.4 would change much if unionization in the health industry were measured more precisely. That said, at least part of the apparent steep decline in unionization for this group between 1992 and 2000 might be a statistical artifact. During that time, a major change occurred in how industries are categorized; the groups being compared in these two years are not identical in composition. It seems likely that there was a decline in unionization but perhaps not to the extent shown. The apparent rise in unionization from 2000 to 2007 cannot be explained in a similar fashion. It likely is genuine (though small).

Health industry unionization rates appear to be the same as those elsewhere, but among some health occupations, unionization is much greater.

Unionization data also are available at a more detailed level for health-related occupations. Shown are the numbers for the broad aggregates used by the BLS to describe health sector workers. Thus, among health care practitioner and technical occupations, the unionization rate is approximately double the rate for all health services. Moreover, this rate appears to be increasing over time. In contrast, unionization seems to be declining among health support occupations (again, with the caveat that the steep decline from 1992-2000 likely is exaggerated). "Personal care and service occupations" is another imprecise aggregate. It includes personal and home care aides, but these constitute only approximately one-sixth of the workers in this category. It also includes those who provide personal care services such as haircuts or manicures. Unionization within this group is similar to the economy-wide average and might possibly be increasing. Because identifiable health workers account for a much smaller group within this total, it is conceivable that these numbers would be different with numbers that are more detailed.

Downloads

Download PowerPoint versions of figure.

References

Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census.
Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Collection Navigation

Content actions

Give feedback:

E-mail the collection author | E-mail the module author

Download:

Collection as:

PDF | EPUB (?)

What is an EPUB file?

EPUB is an electronic book format that can be read on a variety of mobile devices.

Downloading to a reading device

For detailed instructions on how to download this content's EPUB to your specific device, click the "(?)" link.

| More downloads ...

Module as:

PDF | EPUB (?)

What is an EPUB file?

EPUB is an electronic book format that can be read on a variety of mobile devices.

Downloading to a reading device

For detailed instructions on how to download this content's EPUB to your specific device, click the "(?)" link.

| More downloads ...

Add:

Collection to:

My Favorites Login Required (?)

| A lens I own Login Required (?)

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags?

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

Module to:

My Favorites Login Required (?)

| A lens I own Login Required (?)

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags?

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

Reuse / Edit:

Reuse or edit collection Login Required (?)

Check out and edit

If you have permission to edit this content, using the "Reuse / Edit" action will allow you to check the content out into your Personal Workspace or a shared Workgroup and then make your edits.

Derive a copy

If you don't have permission to edit the content, you can still use "Reuse / Edit" to adapt the content by creating a derived copy of it and then editing and publishing the copy.

| Reuse or edit module Login Required (?)

Check out and edit

If you have permission to edit this content, using the "Reuse / Edit" action will allow you to check the content out into your Personal Workspace or a shared Workgroup and then make your edits.

Derive a copy

If you don't have permission to edit the content, you can still use "Reuse / Edit" to adapt the content by creating a derived copy of it and then editing and publishing the copy.

Footer

More about this module: Metadata | Downloads | Version History

This work is licensed by Christopher Conover under a Attribution (CC-BY 3.0), and is an Open Educational Resource.

Last edited by Jia Yao on Sep 25, 2013 2:28 pm -0500.

Twin Cities Campus:

The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Privacy
Last modified on Sep 25, 2013 2:28 pm -0500

Navigation

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Rise of a Massive Health Sector

Chapter 2: How Is Each Health Dollar Spent?

Chapter 3: Who Pays for Health Services?

Chapter 4: The Employer Rold in U.S. Health Care

Chapter 5: Government Health Expenditures, Taxes, and Deficits

Chapter 6: Health Services and the Family Budget

Chapter 7: Who Produces Health Services?

Chapter 8: Health Services and the Distribution of National Income

Chapter 9: Productivity in the Health Sector

Chapter 10: The Labor Force and Employment in the Health Sector

Chapter 11: Personal Incomes and Health Care

Chapter 12: Distribution of Health Services

Chapter 13: Poverty and Health

Chapter 14: The Structure of the Health Sector

Chapter 15: Health, Wealth, and Debt

Chapter 16: Economic Fluctuations and Health

Chapter 17: Health Services and Quality of Life

Chapter 18: U.S. Health Care in a Global Economy

Chapter 19: Do Americans Get Good Value for Money in Health Care?

Chapter 20: Are Health Spending Trends Sustainable?

Lenses

Definition of a lens

Lenses

What is in a lens?

Who can create a lens?

What are tags?

This content is ...

Affiliated with (What does "Affiliated with" mean?)

Related material

Other collections using this module

Recently Viewed

Download collection as:

What is an EPUB file?

Downloading to a reading device

Download module as:

What is an EPUB file?

Downloading to a reading device

Collection:

Module:

Check out and edit

Derive a copy

Add collection to:

Add module to:

Definition of a lens

Lenses

What is in a lens?

Who can create a lens?

What are tags?

Add collection to:

Add module to:

14.4 Unionization Rates in the Health Industry

Downloads

References

Collection Navigation

Content actions

Share content

Share module:

Give feedback:

Download:

Collection as:

What is an EPUB file?

Downloading to a reading device

Module as:

What is an EPUB file?

Downloading to a reading device

Add:

Collection to:

Definition of a lens

Lenses

What is in a lens?

Who can create a lens?

What are tags?

Module to:

Definition of a lens

Lenses

What is in a lens?

Who can create a lens?

What are tags?