American Health Economy Illustrated
Table of Contents
1. Chapter 1: Rise of a Massive Health Sector
1.1. 1.1 Growth in Health Spending, 1929 to Present
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1.2. 1.2 Growth in Inflation-Adjusted Health Output per Capita over 80 Years
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1.3. 1.3 Ever-Growing Health Share of Economy
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1.4. 1.4 US Spends the Most on Health among Countries
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1.5. 1.5 Health Spending Outgrew Economy
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1.6. 1.6 Health Spending Rose in All Advanced Countries
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1.7. 1.7 Big and Increasing Gap in Health Spending between US and Rest of the World
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2. Chapter 2: How Is Each Health Dollar Spent?
2.1. 2.1 Most Health Spending Is for Personal Services
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2.2. 2.2 Personal Health Spending Doubled Every 25 Years
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2.3. 2.3 Insurer Administrative Costs Decline in Group Size
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2.4. 2.4 Trends for Components of Health Spending, 1929 to 2009
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2.5. 2.5 Chronic Diseases Account for Big and Increasing Share of Health Spending
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2.6. 2.6 Half or More of Personal Health Spending Is Avoidable
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3. Chapter 3: Who Pays for Health Services?
3.1. 3.1 Role of Public Sector in US Health Financing Has Increased
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3.2. 3.2 Private Health Insurance Pays Less Than Public
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3.3. 3.3 Health Insurance Financed Growth in Health Spending
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3.4. 3.4 Federal Tax Subsidies for Health Exceed Federal Spending on Medicaid
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3.5. 3.5 Out-of-Pocket Share of Health Spending Declined
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3.6. 3.6 US Has among the Lowest Out-of-Pocket Share of Health Spending
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3.7. 3.7 The Elderly & the Disabled Account for Disproportionately Large Share of Medicaid Spending
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3.8. 3.8 Medicare Pays for Less than Half of Health Spending by Beneficiaries
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3.9. 3.9 The Uninsured Received Much Subsidized Care
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4. Chapter 4: The Employer Rold in U.S. Health Care
4.1. 4.1: Health-Related Employer Contributions Accounted for a Growing Share of Worker Compensation
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4.2. 4.2: High-Paid Workers Receive Larger Tax Subsidy for Employer-Provided Health Insurance
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4.3. 4.3 Small Firms Least Likely Offer Health Coverage to Employee
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4.4. 4.4 A Secular Decline In Employer-Based Health Coverage
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5. Chapter 5: Government Health Expenditures, Taxes, and Deficits
5.1. 5.1 Government Expenditures for Health, 1929-2009
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5.2. 5.1 Bonus Material: Contribution of Health to Growth in Government Spending
5.3. 5.2 Health Component Grew the Fastest in Government Spending
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5.4. 5.3 US Health Share of Government Spending among G7 Counties
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5.5. 5.4 Public Sector Pays 80% Health Costs for People of Poor Health
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5.6. 5.5 Taxpayers Finance Almost Half of Health Spending for the Highest-Income Families
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5.7. 5.6 Medicare Beneficiaries Receive More Than They Pay
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5.8. 5.7 Medicaid Share of State Health Spending across States
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6. Chapter 6: Health Services and the Family Budget
6.1. 6.1 Health Care Is 2nd Largest Personal Consumption Component
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6.2. 6.2 Direct Family Health Care Spending Accounted for Only 5% Income
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6.3. 6.3 Health Care Payment Burden Grew Faster among Highest-Income Families
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6.4. 6.4 Elderly and Children Rely More Heavily on Tax-Financed Health Coverage
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6.5. 6.5 Young Adults Incur High Risk of Being Uninsured
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6.6. 6.6 American's Risk of Being Uninsured, 1940-2010
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6.7. 6.7 Majority of Health Costs for Uninsured People Are Subsidized
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6.8. 6.8 Elderly-Headed Households Spent Big and Increasing Share on Health
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6.9. 6.9 Non-Health Spending Per Person in Elderly Households Is Higher
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7. Chapter 7: Who Produces Health Services?
7.1. 7.1 Non-Profit Organizations or Public Owned Enterprises Provided Larger Share of Health Output
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7.2. 7.2 Government-Owned Firms Account for Low Share of Activity
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7.3. 7.3 Health Industry Has Produced Large and Growing Amount of Output
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7.4. 7.4 Health Services Output, 1929-2009
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8. Chapter 8: Health Services and the Distribution of National Income
8.1. 8.1 Share of Health-Related Supplement in National Income, 1948-2008
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8.2. 8.2 Wages and Salaries Account for Big and Growing Share of Income in Health Services
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8.3. 8.3 Share of Health-Related Income Accounted for by Proprietors' and Rental Has Fallen Steeply
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8.4. 8.4 Corporate Profits Have Reached Peak Share of Health Services Income
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8.5. 8.5 Pre-Tax Corp Profits in Health Sector Are the Least among Major Sectors in Private Businesses
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8.6. 8.6 Among Fortune 500, Health Services Companies Have Lower Profits
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8.7. 8.7 Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Are among Highest-Profit Industries
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9. Chapter 9: Productivity in the Health Sector
9.1. 9.1 Recent Increase in Health Services Productivity
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9.2. 9.2 Health Productivity Has Grown Less among Private Businesses
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9.3. 9.3 Health Sector Has Better-Educated Workers among Industries
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9.4. 9.4 Information Capital Stock in Health Services, 1987-2007
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9.5. 9.5 R&D Has Contributed to Increase in Health Sector Productivity
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9.6. 9.6 Increase in Health Spending Explained 80% of Decline in Personal Savings
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9.7. 9.7 Increase in Total Input Has Outpaced Output in Many Parts of Health Sector
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10. Chapter 10: The Labor Force and Employment in the Health Sector
10.1. 10.1 Employment Has Increased Faster in Health Services than in the Rest of Economy
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10.2. 10.2 US Share of Health Sector in Employment Is High among Industrialized Countries
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10.3. 10.3 The Opportunity Cost of Health Sector Employment in US and Other G7 Counties
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10.4. 10.4 Share of Female Employees in Health Sector
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10.5. 10.5 Health Service Employees Work for Less Hours than Employees in General
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10.6. 10.6 Increased Longevity and Shorter Working Life Have Lengthened the Period of Retirement for Males
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11. Chapter 11: Personal Incomes and Health Care
11.1. 11.1 Rising Health Costs Hindered Growth in American Workers' Earnings
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11.2. 11.2 Employee Compensation in Health Services Is Slightly Higher than All Workers Average
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11.3. 11.3 Employee Compensation in Ambulatory Health Sector Grew Slowly
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11.4. 11.4 US Health Professionals Are Paid Higher than Other Industrialized Countries
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11.5. 11.5 Rise in US Rates of Return for Medical Education
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12. Chapter 12: Distribution of Health Services
12.1. 12.1 1% of Population Accounts for 25% of Health Spending
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12.2. 12.2 The Lowest-Income Families Have 2.5 Times Burden of Paying for Health Care Than That of the Highest-Income Families
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12.3. 12.3 Burden of Paying for Health Care Has Increased
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12.4. 12.4 Per Capita Health Spending Increases with Age
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12.5. 12.5 Difference between Men and Women's Health Costs Depends on Age
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12.6. 12.6 Regional Differences in Health Spending per Capita Have Narrowed then Widened
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12.7. 12.7 Regional Differences in Health Spending Burden Have Narrowed then Increased
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13. Chapter 13: Poverty and Health
13.1. 13.1 Millions Are Categorized as Poor because Medical Expenditures Are Not Taken into Account
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13.2. 13.2 Government Insurance Covers Half of the Poor
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13.3. 13.3 Lower-Income People Have Worse Health
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13.4. 13.4 Poor Children Are Much Less Likely to Have Private Health Coverage than General Population
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13.5. 13.5 Medicaid Covers Less than 1/3 of Poor Non-Elderly Adults
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14. Chapter 14: The Structure of the Health Sector
14.1. 14.1 Less than Half of US Health Workers Are Employed by Large Firms
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14.2. 14.2 Concentration in Health Insurance Industry
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14.3. 14.3 US Health Sector Is Highly Regulated
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14.4. 14.4 Unionization Rates in the Health Industry
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15. Chapter 15: Health, Wealth, and Debt
15.1. 15.1 Health Spending per Capita Has Grown Twice as Fast as per Capita Net Worth
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15.2. 15.2 Low-Income US Family May Incur Health Spending that Exceeds Their Net Worth
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15.3. 15.3 "Medical" Bankruptcies Account for 25-35% of US Bankruptcies
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16. Chapter 16: Economic Fluctuations and Health
16.1. 16.1 Aggregate Health Spending Growth and Business Cycle Fluctuations
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16.2. 16.2 Medicaid Spending Tends to Be More Countercyclincal among Components of NHE
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16.3. 16.3 Unemployment Rates for Male Workers in the Health Sector Are Lower than the Rest of the Economy
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17. Chapter 17: Health Services and Quality of Life
17.1. 17.1 Average American's Stock of Health Is Several Multiples of Lifetime Earnings
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17.2. 17.2 How Price of Treatments Changes over Time Depends on How Innovations Are Measured
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17.3. 17.3 Technology Has Been An Important Driver of Health Spending
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17.4. 17.4 Whether Social Burden of Illness Has Increased or Decreased Depends on How It was Measured
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18. Chapter 18: U.S. Health Care in a Global Economy
18.1. 18.1 US Leads the World in Medical Innovation
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18.2. 18.2 US Accounts for More than Half of World Pharmaceutical R&D Spending
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18.3. 18.3 US Accounts for a Relatively Small Share of Pharmaceutical Exports
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19. Chapter 19: Do Americans Get Good Value for Money in Health Care?
19.1. 19.1 US Health Spending Appears to Provide Good Value for the Money
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19.2. 19.2 Geographic Differences in Broad Health Outcomes Are Associated with Health Spending
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19.3. 19.3 Medicare Spending & Spending Growth Vary Substantially across Geographical Areas
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19.4. 19.4 US Health Spending per Capita Is Not Far from Expected
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19.5. 19.5 Increased US Health Spending Cannot Be Explained by Health Services Use
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19.6. 19.6 US Relies Heavily on Specialists in Contrast to Primary Care Doctors
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19.7. 19.7 Americans Pay Higher Prices for Brand-Name Drugs among Major Industrialized Countries
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19.8. 19.8 Medical Malpractice Explains Some Difference in Health Spending between US and Competitors
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19.9. 19.9 US Leads the World in Life Expectancy
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19.10. 19.10 US Ranks 3rd in the World in Saving Premature Infants' Lives
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19.11. 19.11 US Cancer Patients Have Better Chances of Survival among Industrialized Nations
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19.12. 19.12 US Has More Avoidable Deaths Amenable to Health Care among Industrialized Nations
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19.13. 19.13 Most "Avoidable" Deaths Are Related to Lifestyle or Behavior
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19.14. 19.14 US Has World's Highest Obesity Rate but a Low Smoking Rate among Industrialized Nations
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19.15. 19.15 The Challenge of Comparing US States
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20. Chapter 20: Are Health Spending Trends Sustainable?
20.1. 20.1 Projected Growth in Health-Related Benefits
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20.2. 20.2 Technology Has Been a Key Driver of Health Spending Growth
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20.3. 20.3 How Much Faster per Capita Health Spending Has Increased Relative to GDP Growth
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20.4. 20.4 Projected Real GDP per Capita Will Decline within 30 Years Due to Growth in Health Spending
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20.5. 20.5 90% of Annual GDP Growth Would Be Devoted to Health Care by 2085 if 1% Excess Cost Growth Persisted
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20.6. 20.6 Long-Term Unfunded Liabilities Associated with Health Entitlements Exceed $66 Trillion
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20.7. 20.7 Projected 75-Yr Increase in Mandatory Federal Health Spending Exceeds the Largest Source of Tax Revenue
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20.8. 20.8 US Will Face Challenge of an Increasing Number of Dependents per Working Adult
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20.9. 20.9 Projected Increase in US Government-Related Health Spending and Its Effect
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Index